LNG

Japanese liquefied natural gas imports rose by over 16 percent in April even at higher prices while thermal coal deliveries also increased as the nation additionally  prepared for more nuclear plant re-starts in competition to LNG.

Japanese liquefied natural gas imports dropped by just over 8 percent in 2023 to a 14-year low as more nuclear, renewables and high levels of coal were used and the nation was again overtaken by China as the world’s No. 1 LNG importer.

Chiyoda Corp., the leading Japanese energy and LNG engineering company, has been awarded a technical service agreement (TSA) by the Indonesian Donggi-Senoro LNG project, the all-Asian venture whose largest shareholder is Japan’s Mitsubishi Corp.

“The agreement covers engineering, technology, and process safety support for the LNG plant and is scheduled to be carried out for three years,” said Chiyoda.

The LNG plant produces around 2 million tonnes per annum of LNG and has long-term contracts with Japanese and South Korean buyers.

Chiyoda said its Operations & Maintenance (O&M) division established at the start of 2023 would take the lead in providing the services.

The contract will also make use of Chiyoda’s consulting and engineering capabilities as a part of the plant-OSTM Services.

Service-focused

Chiyoda noted that this service was set up in September 2023 to offer field-centred physical maintenance support for industrial plants with “inherent digital technologies affording to the customer deep insight” into the plant status.

Production at Donggi-Senoro LNG commenced in August 2015 and the plant has been operating at a high rate since its start-up.

The facilities liquefy and export feed gas from the Senoro-Toili block and the Matindok block onshore gas fields in Indonesia’s Central Sulawesi province.

Mitsubishi owns around 45 percent of the Donggi-Senoro joint venture and the other partners are Korea Gas Corp., the Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company Pertamina and Indonesia’s largest publicly-listed energy company Medco.

When Donggi-Senoro started it was the first LNG project exclusively owned and operated by Asian companies without the participation of international oil majors.

However, Mitsubishi is now one of Japan’s leading LNG stakeholders with assets and supplies from North America, including LNG Canada, Malaysia, Brunei, Australia and Russia.

The Donggi-Senoro customers are Japanese utility giant JERA Co. Inc., which takes delivery of 1 MTPA, Kogas with 700,000 tonnes per annum and Japan’s Kyushu Electric Power contracted for 300,000 tonnes per annum.

Japanese liquefied natural gas deliveries declined by almost 10 percent last month even as close to record deliveries were made by Australia and thermal coal was the preferred fuel over LNG for power generation.

Japan, which formally took back the World No. 1 LNG importer spot from China in 2022, reported a small rise in LNG shipments in January though at a much higher cost than in the prior-year period.

Imports for January amounted to 6.82 million tonnes, or about 100 cargoes, and an increase of 0.5 percent from the 6.78MT received in January 2022, according to Japan's Finance Ministry.

The imports cost 873.8 billion yen ($6.54Bln), which was 57 percent more than the 556.6Bln ($4.16Bln) cost of shipments in January 2022.

While China’s LNG imports dropped by 18.8 percent to 64.15MT, the official Japanese LNG import volumes for 2022 came to 71.99MT compared with 74.31MT in 2021, showing a fall of 3.1 percent but still enough to essily maintain the lead over China.

China had overtaken Japan in 2021 to become the world’s largest LNG importer with 78.93MT of imports, though then slipped back because of the economic slowdown and Covid-19 restrictions affecting energy demand.

Japan’s annual LNG costs jumped by 97.5 percent to 8.55 trillion yen ($64.34Bln) in 2022.

Monthly LNG imports for December 2022 to Japan’s network of 37 terminals had fallen by 13.8 percent to 6.06MT from 7.03MT in the same month of 2021.

Coal imports

Japan continued to use an increased proportion of thermal coal for electricity generation and the January coal imports rose by 1.3 percent from January 2022 to 10.68MT.

LNG cargo deliveries from Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia increased in January by 17.8 percent to 1.88MT.

Middle East cargo imports rose by 24.1 percent to 787,000 tonnes during the month.

LNG imports from the US tumbled by 73.9 percent year-on-year to 90,000 tonnes as cargoes from American export plants were pointed at Europe.

Imports from Russia declined on the month by 9.7 percent to 704,000 tonnes and cost 78.6Bln yen ($589M) for what amounted to 11 cargoes.

The cost to Japan of Russian deliveries for all of 2022 was 82.4 percent higher than in the previous year with the bill from the Russians coming to 677.5Bln yen ($5.24Bln).

Japan continues its deliveries of LNG from the Russian Far East plant at Sakhalin Island even after the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 as energy security outweighed the Western-led imposition of sanctions against Russia on the energy and financial fronts.

The balance of Japan's LNG imports in January amounted to 3.86MT in the form of deliveries from the country’s largest supplier Australia, some spot cargoes and small volumes from Africa.

In its energy mix in 2022, Japan has continued to delay more nuclear power re-starts meaning that volumes of LNG and coal purchases remain high.

Since the Fukushima disaster, only 10 reactors have been given the go-ahead to go back into operation compared with the 54 that were online in 2011 and which supplied around 30 percent of Japan’s energy needs.

A further 21 reactors have been decommissioned since 2011 and will never be re-started.

Inpex Corp., the Japanese developer of the Ichthys LNG export project in Australia, has turned its mind again to finding natural gas resources onshore Japan by starting exploratory drilling operations at the Minami-Nagaoka Gas Field in Niigata Prefecture.

Japanese LNG imports have rebounded by almost 10 percent even as the year-on-year cost of the shipments have soared by more than 150 percent as deliveries increased from Australia, the spot market and Russia.

Deliveries of liquefied natural gas cargoes increased to Europe this week while the differential between the benchmark European Union LNG price and spot cargoes for Asia narrowed because of seasonally milder weather and high storage across the EU.

Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. (Jogmec), the agency helping secure a stable supply of oil and natural gas and other resources, has just published the results of two surveys on the volume of LNG handled by Japanese companies and the current status of destination restrictions in LNG sales and purchase agreements.

Jogmec was set up by the Tokyo Government in 2004 and has the full cooperation of all Japanese companies engaged in LNG.

The agency said that the latest surveys were aimed at “improving the flexibility and liquidity” of the LNG market to enhance energy security.

The survey on the “LNG Handling Volumes of Japanese Companies” revealed that they handled around 110 million tonnes of LNG in the fiscal year 2021.

The second survey on the “Destination Clauses and Price Indices in LNG SPAs” showed that the contract quantity with destination restrictions were improving for 10-year contracts through 2030.

“About 45 million tonnes, or 53 percent of the total, in the fiscal year 2021, had destination clauses compared with 21 million tonnes, or 43 percent of the total, in the fiscal years through to 2030,” said Jogmec.

LNG handled

“The LNG volumes handled by Japanese companies last year came to 109.57MT, showing a slight decrease of 0.73MT from the previous year. However, the Japanese companies have continuously achieved 100MT since fiscal 2019,” said the report.

Jogmec also noted that the FY2019 and FY2020 actual figures had been revised in this latest survey due to corrections of reports from the surveyed companies.

LNG imports in FY2021 totaled 71.46MT, a decrease of 4.9MT from the previous year, while the volume of the “external trade” increased by 4.17MT to 38.11MT, resulting in the LNG handling volume in FY2021 being at almost the same level as in FY2020.

The second survey looked at 10-year contracts from FY2021 through FY2030 and based on the annual contract quantity (ACQ).

The ACQ of the fixed-term SPAs concluded by Japanese companies was approximately 84MT in FY2021 and will amount to 49MT through FY2030.

As of FY2021, the ACQ for Delivered Ex-Ship (DES) and free-on-board (FOB) terms and their respective shares were approximately 50MT, or 59 percent, for DES terms and 34MT, or 41 percent, for FOB terms.

“As of FY2030, as the ACQ declines, the ACQ for DES and FOB terms is also to decrease to approximately 25MT and 24MT respectively,” said Jogmec.

Japanese liquefied natural gas imports increased for a second successive month in May as they rose by 16.3 percent and Russian deliveries were twice as much as those from the US.

Shipments of LNG to Japan amounted to 5.76 million tonnes last month, or 85 cargoes, compared with 4.95MT, or 73 cargoes, in May 2021, according to the preliminary trade figures from the Japanese Ministry of Finance.

Japanese LNG deliveries to the network of 37 terminals around the main islands had been 5.57MT in April, or 82 cargoes, compared with 4.97MT, or 73 cargoes, in April 2021.

LNG costs for the nation last month surged year-on-year by 155 percent to 601.40Bln yen ($4.47Bln) compared with 236.15 Bln yen ($1.76Bln) in May 2021.

Yen plunge

The effect on the balance of payments was even more severe as the Japanese yen has dropped to a 24-year low against the dollar, meaning dollar-based commodities like energy are more expensive when converted back into yen.

The country lost the No. 1 LNG import position in 2021 to China, though in certain weeks in May and June Japan has been the biggest North Asia importer as China reduced shipments amid Covid-19 lockdowns.

Shipments to Chinese terminals in 2021 had amounted to 78.93MT which was 18.3 percent more than in 2020.

Japan’s 2021 cargo deliveries were 74.31MT, down 0.2 percent on 2020 and 4.62MT less that the Chinese total for 2021.

Thermal coal shipments also increased in May to 8.54MT at the nation’s coal terminals, a rise of 7.1 percent year-on-year.

On a fiscal year basis, Japanese LNG imports had dropped in the April 2021 to March 2022 period by 6.4 percent to 71.46MT versus 76.35Mt in the previous fiscal year, according to Ministry statistics.

Russian deliveries

During May 2022 shipments of LNG from Russia declined by 5.4 percent to 559,000 tonnes, though were higher than April’s 396,000 tonnes of deliveries. The shipments come frm the Gazprom-run Sakhalin plant in the Russian Far East.

They were also more than double the amount of shipments imported from the US, which dropped by more than 51 percent to 267,000 tonnes.

Imports from the US had dropped in April by 12 percent to 344,000 tonnes as the Russian invasion caused Asia-bound shipments to be re-directed to Europe.

Middle East cargo deliveries from nations like Qatar were down by 16 percent last month to 545,000 tonnes.

Shipments of LNG to Japan in May from Asian countries surged by 56.7 percent to 1.36MT, though were down on the 1.49MT received in April 2022.

The balance of imports in May 2022 came from Australia, African nations and the spot market.

That segment of the imports was higher at 3.03MT versus the 2.30MT received in May 2021 and up on the 2.95MT delivered in April.

Thermal coal shipments to Japanese ports in the fiscal year to the end of March 2022 had increased by 8.8 percent to 114.46MT, outpacing the LNG volumes of 71.46MT during the same period.

The almost parity levels between thermal coal imports and LNG shipments disappeared in 2021 with thermal coal deliveries moving well ahead.

Nuclear power generation in Japan is still well down. Nine reactors from a total of 16 plants with 50-plus reactors are operating from those that have gained the regulatory safety agreements.