LNG

Chiyoda Corp., the leading Japanese energy and LNG engineering company, has been awarded a technical service agreement (TSA) by the Indonesian Donggi-Senoro LNG project, the all-Asian venture whose largest shareholder is Japan’s Mitsubishi Corp.

“The agreement covers engineering, technology, and process safety support for the LNG plant and is scheduled to be carried out for three years,” said Chiyoda.

The LNG plant produces around 2 million tonnes per annum of LNG and has long-term contracts with Japanese and South Korean buyers.

Chiyoda said its Operations & Maintenance (O&M) division established at the start of 2023 would take the lead in providing the services.

The contract will also make use of Chiyoda’s consulting and engineering capabilities as a part of the plant-OSTM Services.

Service-focused

Chiyoda noted that this service was set up in September 2023 to offer field-centred physical maintenance support for industrial plants with “inherent digital technologies affording to the customer deep insight” into the plant status.

Production at Donggi-Senoro LNG commenced in August 2015 and the plant has been operating at a high rate since its start-up.

The facilities liquefy and export feed gas from the Senoro-Toili block and the Matindok block onshore gas fields in Indonesia’s Central Sulawesi province.

Mitsubishi owns around 45 percent of the Donggi-Senoro joint venture and the other partners are Korea Gas Corp., the Indonesian state-owned oil and gas company Pertamina and Indonesia’s largest publicly-listed energy company Medco.

When Donggi-Senoro started it was the first LNG project exclusively owned and operated by Asian companies without the participation of international oil majors.

However, Mitsubishi is now one of Japan’s leading LNG stakeholders with assets and supplies from North America, including LNG Canada, Malaysia, Brunei, Australia and Russia.

The Donggi-Senoro customers are Japanese utility giant JERA Co. Inc., which takes delivery of 1 MTPA, Kogas with 700,000 tonnes per annum and Japan’s Kyushu Electric Power contracted for 300,000 tonnes per annum.

Japanese liquefied natural gas imports were still in sharp decline with more competition coming from thermal coal and nuclear and as storage levels increased under government energy security policies ahead of the Northern Hemisphere winter season.

Japan, which formally took back the World No. 1 LNG importer spot from China in 2022, reported a small rise in LNG shipments in January though at a much higher cost than in the prior-year period.

Imports for January amounted to 6.82 million tonnes, or about 100 cargoes, and an increase of 0.5 percent from the 6.78MT received in January 2022, according to Japan's Finance Ministry.

The imports cost 873.8 billion yen ($6.54Bln), which was 57 percent more than the 556.6Bln ($4.16Bln) cost of shipments in January 2022.

While China’s LNG imports dropped by 18.8 percent to 64.15MT, the official Japanese LNG import volumes for 2022 came to 71.99MT compared with 74.31MT in 2021, showing a fall of 3.1 percent but still enough to essily maintain the lead over China.

China had overtaken Japan in 2021 to become the world’s largest LNG importer with 78.93MT of imports, though then slipped back because of the economic slowdown and Covid-19 restrictions affecting energy demand.

Japan’s annual LNG costs jumped by 97.5 percent to 8.55 trillion yen ($64.34Bln) in 2022.

Monthly LNG imports for December 2022 to Japan’s network of 37 terminals had fallen by 13.8 percent to 6.06MT from 7.03MT in the same month of 2021.

Coal imports

Japan continued to use an increased proportion of thermal coal for electricity generation and the January coal imports rose by 1.3 percent from January 2022 to 10.68MT.

LNG cargo deliveries from Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia increased in January by 17.8 percent to 1.88MT.

Middle East cargo imports rose by 24.1 percent to 787,000 tonnes during the month.

LNG imports from the US tumbled by 73.9 percent year-on-year to 90,000 tonnes as cargoes from American export plants were pointed at Europe.

Imports from Russia declined on the month by 9.7 percent to 704,000 tonnes and cost 78.6Bln yen ($589M) for what amounted to 11 cargoes.

The cost to Japan of Russian deliveries for all of 2022 was 82.4 percent higher than in the previous year with the bill from the Russians coming to 677.5Bln yen ($5.24Bln).

Japan continues its deliveries of LNG from the Russian Far East plant at Sakhalin Island even after the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 as energy security outweighed the Western-led imposition of sanctions against Russia on the energy and financial fronts.

The balance of Japan's LNG imports in January amounted to 3.86MT in the form of deliveries from the country’s largest supplier Australia, some spot cargoes and small volumes from Africa.

In its energy mix in 2022, Japan has continued to delay more nuclear power re-starts meaning that volumes of LNG and coal purchases remain high.

Since the Fukushima disaster, only 10 reactors have been given the go-ahead to go back into operation compared with the 54 that were online in 2011 and which supplied around 30 percent of Japan’s energy needs.

A further 21 reactors have been decommissioned since 2011 and will never be re-started.

Mitsubishi Corp., the Japanese trading house with widespread LNG assets from Canada, to the US Gulf Coast to the Asia-Pacific and Russia, said it was retaining its stake for now in the Sakhalin LNG export project in the Russian Far East.

This Mitsubishi Natural Gas division’s assets and volumes are concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region, Russia, the US, Canada and Oman.

“We are working on initiatives to strengthen our existing business platform and develop new projects in traditional LNG-producing countries such as Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and Oman,” said the company.

Mitsubishi’s project stakes in addition to Sakhalin LNG in Russia include Sempra’s Cameron LNG in Louisiana, Shell’s LNG Canada project, Brunei LNG, Malaysia LNG, Oman LNG, Tangguh LNG in Indonesia and the Donggi Senora LNG plant, also in Indonesia.

It also has volumes from the Chevron-operated Wheatstone LNG project in Western Australia and the North West Shelf plant operated by Woodside Energy.

“Earnings were increased in the LNG-related business, despite trading losses in the LNG sales business,” said Mitsubishi in its fiscal first-half earnings statement.

Price benefits

Like global energy companies, Japanese trading houses have benefited from skyrocketing oil, gas and coal prices in 2022.

For the April-September first half, Mitsubishi’s net profit nearly doubled to a record 720 billion yen ($4.90Bln), a rise of 97 percent from the 360.56Bln yen ($2.45Bln) logged in the fiscal first half of 2021.

Revenues for the six months came to 10.72 trillion yen ($73.05Bln) compared with 7.72 trillion yen ($57.63Bln) in the first half of 2021.

“This was mainly due to increased market prices and transaction volumes,” said Mitsubishi.

“In addition to Natural Gas and Mineral Resources, which were bolstered by market factors, Automotive & Mobility, Power Solution, Industrial Materials and other segments are forecast to see greater earnings than originally forecast,” said the company.

Mitsubishi is an investor and trader in LNG along with the other Japanese trading houses such as Mitsui & Co, Marubeni Corp and Sumitomo Corp.

Sakhalin situation

On Russia, Mitsubishi said the company’s main business in Russia consists of a financial service business in the Automotive and Mobility segment and investment in the LNG-related business as part of its Natural Gas division.

“As of September 30, 2022, the carrying amount of total assets related to the company’s business in Russia was 209.91Bln yen ($1.43Bln),” said Mitsubishi.

“The company holds a 10 percent ownership interest in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), which has been engaged in LNG-related business in Russia, and accounts for this investment as a financial asset,” explained Mitsubishi.

It said that based on the Russian Federation presidential decree issued on June 30, 2022 and a further resolution, a new company, Sakhalin Energy LLC (SELLC), was established to take over the operation of this LNG business, and the rights and obligations of SEIC were transferred to SELLC.

“Mitsubishi submitted its notice to continue ownership in the LNG-related business to the Russian government and received approval on August 31, 2022. As a result, the company continues to hold a 10 percent ownership interest in the LNG-related business,” it added.

“However, the details related to the operation of SELLC, including the terms of the LLC members agreement, will need to be discussed once the LLC members composition of SELLC will be determined,” said Mitsubishi.

“As such, there remains uncertainty surrounding this investment,” it declared.

JERA Co. Inc., the largest Japanese LNG buyer and power assets holder, has stated it would not be renewing long-term supply contracts for volumes from projects at Ras Laffan in Qatar amounting to 5.5 million tonnes per annum.

The contracts with Qatar are expiring at the end of the year. The deals were originally signed in 1997 and 1998 for the Qatargas 1 project.

JERA had inherited most of its worldwide contracts from Tokyo Electric Power Co. and Chubu Electric when the JERA joint venture was set up.

“Currently we are not considering contracting because we find it extremely difficult to extend the existing large contracts timing-wise,” JERA President Satoshi Onoda said of the Qatari long-term deals during a virtual conference.

The JERA President emphasized that the Tokyo-based company did not have a plan to give up all of its long-term LNG supply contracts.

Long-term portfolio

These sale and purchases agreements span liquefaction plants in Australia such as Wheatstone LNG, Darwin LNG, the FLNG Prelude plant as well as projects in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Papua New Guinea.

The Japanese company also receives cargoes from the Freeport export plant in Texas and could focus on more US volumes, as well as in the short-term spot LNG when needed.

In mid-November 2021, JERA s purchased a significant stake in Freeport LNG at Quintana Island in Texas and will invest in expansions as part of a plan to be able to direct cargoes to Japan even when global supplies are tight.

The Japanese company’s US subsidiary JERA Americas Inc., concluded a securities purchase agreement with infrastructure fund Global Infrastructure Partners to acquire around a 25.7 percent interest in Freeport for $2.5 billion.

For this transaction, JERA appointed US investment bank Goldman Sachs as its exclusive financial advisor.

The Freeport plant is located in Brazoria County, south of Houston, and is run by Chief Executive Michael Smith, an energy entrepreneur who developed the plant with almost 15 million tonnes per annum of LNG capacity.

It has use-or-pay liquefaction tolling agreements for most of the output from the three Trains with customers including JERA as well as Japanese utility Osaka Gas and European-based companies, UK major BP and German utility Uniper.

JERA noted that, together with Freeport LNG, the Japanese company has already contributed to the stable operation of Train 1 of the Freeport liquefaction project through its participation in that subsidiary.

JERA plans to work with Freeport to advance new LNG projects including production capacity expansion and the development of Train 4.

Demand for liquefied natural gas cargoes continued at a high seasonal level as liftings increase this week along with prices at all points, including North Asia spot volumes, Indian delivered cargoes, US Gulf Coast futures and Dutch and UK European gas values.

Cargo liftings of liquefied natural gas are maintaining their momentum through the week to April 11 and spot cargo prices for North Asia increased for June and July compared with last week while European gas values were flat.

Liquefied natural gas export plants increased liftings to their highest level in March as North Asian spot cargo prices increase amid firm European natural gas values and little LNG market effects seen from the temporary traffic blockage in the Suez Canal.

Japanese spot LNG prices for delivered cargoes in February soared to as high as $16.30 per million British thermal units, a total of $10.80 per MMBtu more than in the same month last year.

Demand for liquefied natural gas worldwide is forecast to hit 700 million tonnes by 2040 and Asia is expected to drive nearly 75 percent of this growth as Asian domestic gas production declines and LNG imports are used to tackle air quality concerns, according to the fifth Royal Dutch Shell annual outlook on LNG.

“For instance, China’s heavy-duty transport sector consumed nearly 13 million tonnes of LNG in 2020, almost doubling from 2018, to serve the fast-growing fleet of well over 500,000 LNG-fuelled trucks and buses,” the Shell report noted.

“LNG-fuelled shipping is also growing, with the number of vessels expected to more than double and global LNG bunkering vessels set to reach a total of 45 ships by 2023,” it said.

As demand grows, a supply-demand gap is expected to open in the middle of the current decade with less new production coming on-stream than previously projected.

“Just 3MT in new LNG production capacity was announced in 2020, down from an expected 60MT,” added the report.

Shell explained that because of the net-zero emissions targets companies are having to make, the LNG industry will need to innovate at every stage of the value chain to lower greenhouse-gas counts.

The Anglo-Dutch company noted that over the past year LNG prices hit a record low early in 2020 but ended the 12-month period at a six-year high as demand in parts of Asia recovered and winter buying increased against tightened supply.

“LNG provided flexible energy which the world needed during the Covid-19 pandemic, demonstrating its resilience and ability to power people’s lives in these unprecedented times,” said Maarten Wetselaar, Director at Shell for Integrated Gas, Renewables and Energy Solutions.

“Around the world countries and companies, including Shell, are adopting net-zero emissions targets and seeking to create lower-carbon energy systems,” he added.

“As the cleanest-burning fossil fuel, natural gas and LNG have a central role to play in delivering the energy the world needs and helping power progress towards these targets,” stated Wetselaar.

LNG trade increased to 360MT in 2020 and despite the “unprecedented volatility” caused by the Covid-19 pandemic the industry is moving towards a period of expansion.

China and India led the recovery in demand for LNG following the outbreak of the pandemic with both countries increasing their LNG imports by 11 percent.

“Demand in Europe, alongside flexible US supply, helped to balance the global LNG market in the first half of 2020,” said the report.

“However, supply outages in other supply basins, structural constraints and extreme weather later in the year resulted in higher prices,” it added.